Initials]]> Anatomy, Artistic]]> Muscles]]> In the Contemplation of Nature we meet with nothing that affords us a more invincible Argument of the Wisdom of the Divine Architect, than the Structure and Composition of Animal Bodies; nor is this Infinite Understanding less manifested in the Instruments of Voluntary Motion, than in any other Parts whatever of the Animal Body.
No wonder therefore, that Anatomical Disquisitions should be exceedingly entertaining ..." (Cowper, 1724, Preface).

"Of the Muscles of the Back and Loins.
It would be very tedious and of little Use to insert all the different Accounts Anatomists have given us of these Muscles; and the variety we have found in several Subjects, inclines us to think, that scarcely three in ten are exactly alike in this respect ... However, we shall endeavour to give as distinct an Account of them as possible; and in order thereunto, we shall consider them as Common to the Back and Loins, or Proper to either of them" (Cowper, 1724, Chap. XXIV).]]>
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Anatomy, Artistic]]> Arm]]> Hand]]> Initials]]> Muscles]]> As all the Appearances of Nature furnish matter for Speculation worthy of a rational Mind; so those of the Animal OEconomy more particularly recommend themselves to our Consideration" (Cowper, 1724, Introduction).

"Of the Muscles of the Palm of the Hand.
All the Anatomists before Falloppius mention but one Muscle belonging to the Palm of the Hand, except Valverda, who, from the Observation of Johannes Baptista Cannanus, adds the Palmaris Brevis" (Cowper, 1724, Chap. XXVII).]]>
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Anatomy, Artistic]]> Body, Human]]> Initials]]> Muscles]]> It being usual for the Contents of the lower Belly to putrefy and grow offensive sooner than any other Part of the Body, Anatomists for this Reason generally begin their Dissections with the Abdomen" (Cowper, 1724, Chap. I).]]> Cowper, William, 1666-1709]]> Image]]> Illustrations]]> Prints]]> Eighteenth century]]> Anatomy, Artistic]]> Body, Human]]> Initials]]> Muscles]]> Testis]]> Each Testicle is attended with one proper Muscle call'd Cremaster, to which Riolan adds another, and thinks it common to both, comprehending them in the manner of a Bag; but other Anatomists take it for a Membrane only, and call it Dartos" (Cowper, 1724, Chap. II)]]> Cowper, William, 1666-1709]]> Image]]> Illustrations]]> Prints]]> Eighteenth century]]> Anatomy, Artistic]]> Body, Human]]> Initials]]> Muscles]]> Penis]]> Anatomists generally describe two Pair of Muscles belonging to the Penis, viz. Acceleratores and Erectores. Besides these, we sometimes meet with a third Pair mentioned and figured by Stephen Riverius" (Cowper, 1724, Chap. III).]]> Cowper, William, 1666-1709]]> Image]]> Illustrations]]> Prints]]> Eighteenth century]]> Anatomy, Artistic]]> Bladder]]> Initials]]> Muscles]]> Body, Human]]> Galen and the ancient Anatomists take notice of but one Muscle belonging to this Part, viz. the Sphincter, but Fabricius ab Aquapendente mentions another, call'd by Spigelius, Detrusor Urinae, from its Use" (Cowper, 1724, Chap. IV).]]> Cowper, William, 1666-1709]]> Image]]> Illustrations]]> Prints]]> Eighteenth century]]> Anatomy, Artistic]]> Anus]]> Body, Human]]> Initials]]> Muscles]]> Various Accounts are given us by Anatomists of the Muscles of the Anus. Galen divides its Sphincter into two, viz. Carnosus and Cutaneus; which with the two Levatores, make four Muscles belonging to this Part. Riolan multiplies them to the Number of nine, three Sphincters, Carnosus, Cutaneus, and Vaginalis; and six Elevators, two internal, and four external, of which one Pair belongs to the Os Coccygis. But this Opinion seems rather grounded on Fancy, or some particular Subject, than the general Appearance of them in Dissection" (Cowper, 1724, Chap. V.)]]> Cowper, William, 1666-1709]]> Image]]> Illustrations]]> Prints]]> Eighteenth century]]> Anatomy, Artistic]]> Head]]> Initials]]> Muscles]]> Scalp]]> Body, Human]]> Cowper, William, 1666-1709]]> Image]]> Illustrations]]> Prints]]> Eighteenth century]]> Anatomy, Artistic]]> Face]]> Head]]> Initials]]> Muscles]]> Body, Human]]> The Descriptions and Uses of these Muscles given by Anatomists, are so various, that to recite their several Accounts of them would be exceedingly tedious to the Reader, and at the same time of very little Use. For which reason I shall only represent them, as they have appear'd to my self in some late Subjects" (Cowper, 1724, Chap. VII).]]> Cowper, William, 1666-1709]]> Image]]> Illustrations]]> Prints]]> Eighteenth century]]> Anatomy, Artistic]]> Eye]]> Initials]]> Muscles]]> Body, Human]]> Eyelids]]> Cowper, William, 1666-1709]]> Image]]> Illustrations]]> Prints]]> Eighteenth century]]> Anatomy, Artistic]]> Eye]]> Initials]]> Muscles]]> Body, Human]]> ... the accurate Falloppius, who first observed the Trochlea, has given us the most exact Description of these Muscles of the Eye, as well as those of the Palpebrae" (Cowper, 1724, Chap. IX).]]> Cowper, William, 1666-1709]]> Image]]> Illustrations]]> Prints]]> Eighteenth century]]> Anatomy, Artistic]]> Body, Human]]> Initials]]> Muscles]]> Nose]]> The Nose is altogether immoveable, except in its lower gristly Part, the Sides of which are not improperly called Alae or Pinnae, by whose Approach, or Recess, the Nostrils are straitned, or dilated (Cowper, 1724, Chap. X).]]> Cowper, William, 1666-1709]]> Image]]> Illustrations]]> Prints]]> Eighteenth century]]> Anatomy, Artistic]]> Body, Human]]> Ear]]> Initials]]> Muscles]]> Falloppius, the first Writer of these Muscles, informs us there are sometimes found three belonging to each Auricle; the First or Attollens, the Second or Deprimens, and the Third, which is part of the Platysma Myoides. These, he says, are sometimes wanting, though he has frequently seen them. Placentinus multiplies them to the number of Five; but M. Du Verney, in his accurate Treatise of the Ear, describes two only, whose Account we have found to be most agreeable to our own Enquiries" (Cowper, 1724, Chap. XI).]]> Cowper, William, 1666-1709]]> Image]]> Illustrations]]> Prints]]> Eighteenth century]]> Anatomy, Artistic]]> Body, Human]]> Initials]]> Labyrinth (Ear)]]> Muscles]]> Skeleton]]> ... three Muscles belong to the Malleus, of which the first, that appears in Dissection, is the Externus of Aquapendens; the second is the Externus of Du Verny, which we call Obliquus Auris; and the third is the Internus of Eustachius, to which may be added the fourth, belonging to the Stapes, called Musculus Stapedis ..." (Cowper, 1724, Chap. XII).]]> Cowper, William, 1666-1709]]> Image]]> Illustrations]]> Prints]]> Eighteenth century]]> Anatomy, Artistic]]> Body, Human]]> Initials]]> Larynx]]> Muscles]]> Tongue]]> Since the Os Hyoides is fastened to the Tongue and Larynx, the Muscles which move it ought to be esteemed common to both" (Cowper, 1724, Chap. X111).]]> Cowper, William, 1666-1709]]> Image]]> Illustrations]]> Prints]]> Eighteenth century]]> Anatomy, Artistic]]> Body, Human]]> Initials]]> Muscles]]> Tongue]]> For the Motion of this Part, Authors assign various Numbers of Muscles; some reckoning eight, others nine, some ten, and others eleven, amongst which they count the Tongue it self" (Cowper, 1724, Chap. XIV).]]> Cowper, William, 1666-1709]]> Image]]> Illustrations]]> Prints]]> Eighteenth century]]> Anatomy, Artistic]]> Body, Human]]> Initials]]> Muscles]]> Skeleton]]> Falloppius mentions the second and third of these Muscles among those of the Fauces; but Riolan first ascribed them to this Part, and call'd them Pterygostaphylinus Internus and Externus. The Discovery of the Glossostaphylini is owing to Valsalva" (Cowper, Chap. XV).]]> Cowper, William, 1666-1709]]> Image]]> Illustrations]]> Prints]]> Eighteenth century]]> Anatomy, Artistic]]> Initials]]> Muscles]]> Cowper, William, 1666-1709]]> Image]]> Illustrations]]> Prints]]> Eighteenth century]]> Anatomy, Artistic]]> Body, Human]]> Initials]]> Larynx]]> Muscles]]> These Muscles of the Larynx are generally divided into Common and Proper" (Cowper, 1724, Chap. XVII).]]> Cowper, William, 1666-1709]]> Image]]> Illustrations]]> Prints]]> Eighteenth century]]> Anatomy, Artistic]]> Initials]]> Mandible]]> Muscles]]> Skull]]> Body, Human]]> Five Pair of Muscles are employ'd in the Motion of the Lower Jaw: Four of which were described by Vesalius and the preceding Anatomists; but for the Discovery of the fifth we are obliged to Falloppius. To these Riolan adds a sixth Pair, namely the Quadrati Genarum, which we have already described among the Muscles of the Cheeks and Lips" (Cowper, 1724, Chap. XVIII).]]> Cowper, William, 1666-1709]]> Image]]> Illustrations]]> Prints]]> Eighteenth century]]> Anatomy, Artistic]]> Body, Human]]> Initials]]> Muscles]]> Scapula]]> Thorax]]> The Muscles of the Thorax may be divided into Proper and Common" (Cowper, 1724, Chap. XIX).

"Of the Muscles of the Scapula, or Shoulder-Blade.
These Muscles make the second Division of those relating to the Motion of the Thorax, as abovesaid" (Cowper, 1724, Chap. XX).

"Of the Muscles of the Thorax, which appear on the backside of the Body.<br />These constitute the third Order of Muscles belonging to the Thorax" (Cowper, 1724, Chap. XXI).]]>
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Anatomy, Artistic]]> Body, Human]]> Head]]> Initials]]> Muscles]]> The Head is moved by Muscles that are either Common or Proper" (Cowper, Chap. XXII).]]> Cowper, William, 1666-1709]]> Image]]> Illustrations]]> Prints]]> Eighteenth century]]> Anatomy, Artistic]]> Body, Human]]> Initials]]> Muscles]]> Neck]]> The Muscles of the Neck move the Head secondarily, whence they are esteemed as Common to both. Of these Authors reckon four pair, namely the Longi Colli, the Scaleni, (which according to Falloppius are described amongst the Muscles of the Thorax) the Transversales, and Spinati Colli" (Cowper, 1724, Chap. XXIII).]]> Cowper, William, 1666-1709]]> Image]]> Illustrations]]> Prints]]> Eighteenth century]]> Anatomy, Artistic]]> Arm]]> Body, Human]]> Initials]]> Muscles]]> The lower part of the Arm from the Elbow to the Wrist is called the Cubit, which is bended and extended by five Muscles, namely, Biceps, Brachiaeus Internus, Gemellus, Brachiaeus Externus, and Anconaeus" (Cowper, 1724, Chap. XXVI).]]> Cowper, William, 1666-1709]]> Image]]> Illustrations]]> Prints]]> Eighteenth century]]> Anatomy, Artistic]]> Arm]]> Body, Human]]> Initials]]> Muscles]]> Galen, Jacobus Sylvius, and Vesalius, describe seven Muscles belonging to each Arm, viz. Pectoralis, Deltoides, Teres Major, Latissimus Dorsi, Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, and Subscapularis. Arantius, in his Anatomical Observations, counts another by Riolan called Coracobrachieus, to which Julius Casserius Placentinus adds the Teres Minor, by some reckoned as the eighth Muscle of this part, which is therefore called Octavus Humeri Placentini" (Cowper, 1724, Chap. XXV).]]> Cowper, William, 1666-1709]]> Image]]> Illustrations]]> Prints]]> Eighteenth century]]>