Aurora for this expedition. Whetter had attended Otago Boys High School and while being corporally punished, for poor hand-writing, punched the teacher in the mouth. He graduated from Otago Medical School and became assistant surgeon on Mawson’s expedition. The two ‘locked horns’ as Whetter was an idle layabout who continually shirked his expedition duties. On the expedition’s return, WWI had already broken out. True-to-form, Whetter did all he could to avoid his conscription in 1917.]]> ___]]> Books]]> Français – ostensibly a trip to locate missing Swedish explorer Otto Nordenskjöld. By the time Charcot arrived in Argentina the Swede had been found so the doctor carried on South to ‘explore the unknown southern part of the Antarctic Peninsula and Alexander I Land’ (Bryan, 2011). The expedition did not make ‘headlines’, but it did make a huge contribution to all areas of science. These bird foetus specimens were just some of those in the 75 specimen cases that Charcot took back to France.]]> ___]]> Books]]> Français and Pourquoi-pas?, Jean Baptiste Charcot. Born in 1867, Charcot sadly died in 1936 when Pourquoi-pas? sank off Iceland in a storm taking the crew with it.]]> Marthe Oulié]]> Books]]> Scotia, Jean-Baptiste Charcot fitted out Pourquoi-pas?, along similar lines. It has been described as ‘one of the most successful of all polar vessels’ (Bryan, 2011). On his second trip south in 1908, Charcot intended to ‘verify, complete, and expand’ his researches. Because of the improved living conditions aboard Pourquoi-pas?, there were high levels of scientific productivity. New territories were discovered (one Charcot called after his father – Charcot Land) and maps were made of thousands of kilometres of coastline. Again botanical and zoological specimens were collected like these starfish.]]> ___]]> Books]]> Antarctic, Nordenskjöld and five others set up a magnetic observatory on Snow Hill Island where they would overwinter. The ship, captained by Carl Larsen, left to explore northern regions but because of the ice was unable to return and pick up the party. This meant two harsh winters on the island, during which time Nordenskjöld and his men resorted to bagging 400 penguins and 30 seals for fuel and food supplies. Despite this, scientific observations were still made and specimens, like that of the Myriothela austro-georgiae, pictured here, were still collected.]]> ___]]> Books]]> Uruguay.]]> Rorke Bryan]]> Books]]> Antartic’s crew were dropped off at Hope Bay with the intention of rescuing the Snow Hill inhabitants. They were not successful, being forced to dig in for the winter in a makeshift hut. After leaving these three men behind, the ship became stuck in ice and sank in early February 1903. The remaining crew trekked to Paulet Island, with the ship’s cat, and built a hut to fit twenty men. The situation for all three parties seemed hopeless, with no group knowing the whereabouts of the other. Finally, in incredibly coincidental circumstances, all expedition members were found and rescued late in 1903 by the crew of Argentinian naval ship, Uruguay. Despite not achieving all scientific objectives, the expedition generated at least six volumes of scientific reports, as above.]]> ___]]> Books]]> Michael Sars in the North Atlantic]]> Michael Sars and its crew. Norwegian oceanographer, Johan Hjort also accompanied Murray. The ship left Bergen, Norway in April 1910 and sailed to Plymouth to pick up Murray. The route of their five-month trip took them ‘down the western coasts of Europe as far as the Canaries…across the Atlantic, by way of the Azores, to Newfoundland… to the coast of Ireland’ and back to Bergen via the Faroe Channel. Murray and Hjort’s subsequent volume, The Depths of the Ocean, became ‘a classic for marine naturalists and oceanographers’.]]> Sir John Murray and Dr Johan Hjort]]> Books]]> Michael Sars in the North Atlantic]]> Michael Sars North Atlantic Deep-Sea Expedition in 1910.]]> Sir John Murray and Dr Johan Hjort]]> Books]]> Michael Sars (1910), 120 observation stations were established. Scientists collected 2400 water samples, made almost 3000 temperature observations, and took soundings of the depths. The crew trawled for specimens; in all 100 new species were discovered. Thorolv Rasmussen was the ship’s artist and was ‘continually engaged in making drawings and sketches on board’, like these. Alepocephalus macropterus (longfin smooth-head), A. rostratus (Risso’s smooth-head), and Chimaera mirabilis (large-eyed rabbit fish) are just three fish species picked up by the deep-sea trawls.]]> ___]]> Books]]> ___]]> Books]]> ___]]> Photographs]]> ___]]> Books]]> Mabahiss, British zoologist Lt. Col. Dr R.B. Seymour Sewell led a team of scientists to research the oceanography, geology, and mineralogy of the Red Sea and the Indian and Arabian Oceans. The trip took nine months and eleven volumes of data collected were published from 1935 to 1970.]]> ___]]> Books]]> Mabahiss from the John Murray Expedition of 1933 to 1934.]]> ___]]> Books]]> ___]]> Books]]> Discovery in August 1929. Led by Australian Sir Douglas Mawson, the primary objective of the trip south to Antarctica was to ‘plant the Union Jack’. Two forays into the Antarctic region at 45 to 160 degrees East longitude were made in the summers of 1929 and 1930. The land was unexplored and uncharted. Mawson and his team named various areas, proclaiming the land for Britain by hoisting the flag and leaving behind caskets with the proclamation inside. Despite ‘territorial claims’ being the main reason for the expedition, many oceanographic, zoological, and scientific observations were made along the way. (Note in Fig. 1, Dunedin features on the map.)]]> ___]]> Books]]> ___]]> Journals]]> Nimrod from 1907 to 1909; the BANZARE expedition was his last. Benson became Chair of Geology and Mineralogy at the University of Otago in 1917 – today the Benson Fund is administered by the Department of Geology to ‘support field-based research’ at Otago.]]> Edited by M.F. Glaessner and E.A. Rudd]]> Books]]> Peter A. Munch]]> Books]]> Yngvar Hagen]]> Books]]> Edited by Mary McEwen]]> Books]]> J.H. Sorenson]]> Pamphlets]]> Albatross, was loaned from shipping magnate Major Herbert Jacobsson. The expedition spent fifteen months sailing close to the Equator in a bid to stay within a ‘fair-weather region’ and avoid the high seas which could hamper the retrieval of core samples from the depths of the ocean. Pettersson’s scientific team also took water samples, made temperature recordings and echograms of the ocean floor. This map shows the route Albatross took.]]> ___]]> Books]]> ___]]> Books]]>